Reduction of ketones [NaBH4] Reduction of ketones [NaBH4] Definition: Addition of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to ketones gives secondary alcohols (after addition of acid). Reduction of ketones [NaBH4] Explained: Reduction, in organic chemistry, means the addition of hydrogen to molecule or removal…
Reduction of ketones [LiAlH4] Reduction of ketones [LiAlH4] Definition: Addition of lithium aluminum hydride to ketones leads to the formation of secondary alcohols (after addition of acid). Reduction of ketones [LiAlH4] Explained: Reduction, in organic chemistry, implies…
Reduction of aldehydes [NaBH4] Reduction of aldehydes [NaBH4] Definition: Addition of sodium borohydride, NaBH4 to aldehydes gives primary alcohols (after adding acid). Reduction of aldehydes [NaBH4] Explained: By reducing the carbonyl group alcohols can be obtained. Primary alcohols are…
Reduction of aldehydes [LiAlH4] Reduction of aldehydes [LiAlH4] Definition: Addition of lithium aluminum hydride to aldehydes leads to the formation of primary alcohols (after addition of acid). Reduction of aldehydes [LiAlH4] Explained: Reduction of carbonyl compounds can…
Oxidation to carboxylic acids [Tollens] Oxidation to carboxylic acids [Tollens] Definition: When Ag2O is added to aldehydes, carboxylic acids are formed. The results in the formation of silver metal (“silver mirror”) a reaction known as the Tollens test.…
Oxidation to carboxylic acid [H2CrO4 or KMnO4] Oxidation to carboxylic acid [H2CrO4 or KMnO4] Definition: Chromium trioxide and water will oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Oxidation to carboxylic acid [H2CrO4 or KMnO4] Explained: The most common oxidation reaction of…
Keto-Enol tautomerism Keto-enol tautomerism Definition: Ketones and other carbonyl compounds containing a hydrogen adjacent to the carbonyl are in the equilibrium with a constitutional isomer called enol. Keto-enol tautomerism Explained: Protonation of enolate into oxygen…
Imine formation [RNH2] Imine formation [RNH2] Definition: The reaction of a primary amine with an aldehyde or ketone results in an imine and one equivalent of water. Imine formation [RNH2] Explained: In mildly conditions, an aldehyde or ketone will react…
Hydrate formation [H2O] Hydrate formation [H2O] Definition: Treatment of a carbonyl compound with H2O in the presence of acid or base catalyst adds the elements of H and OH across the carbonyl bond, forming a gem-diol or hydrate. Hydrate formation [H2O] Explained: The…
Halogenation [Cl2, Br2, I2] Halogenation Definition: In the same way as alkenes, alkynes are also observed to undergo halogenation. The one major difference is that alkynes have two π bonds…