What is a Plasmalogen?

What is a Phospholipase?

How to use a pKa table

Types of Passive Mediated Transport

Types of Enzyme Catalysis

Transport Across Membranes

Transition State Theory

Organic reaction: SN1 reaction and SN2 reaction

An amino acid is drawn below

Wolff Rearrangement

Wolff-Kishner: reduction to alkanes

Wittig reaction: alkene formation

Transesterification [basic conditions]

Thiol oxidation to disulfides

Thiol formation [SN2]

Thiol formation [HS(–)]

Thioether formation RS-

Thioacetal formation

Suzuki Reaction

Sulfonylation [SO3/H2SO4]

Stork Enamine Reaction

Stille Reaction

SN2 with Gilman reagents

SN2 with alkyl halides

SN1 w/rearrangement [hydride shift]

SN1 with rearrangement [alkyl shift]

Side chain bromination

Sharpless Epoxidation of alkenes

Robinson annulation

Reductive Amination

Reduction of thioacetals to alkanes [Raney Ni]

Reduction of nitro groups

Reduction [LiAlH4]

Reduction of ketones [NaBH4]

Reduction of ketones [LiAlH4]

Reduction of aromatic ketones

Reduction to amines [LiAlH4]

Reduction of aldehydes [NaBH4]

Reduction of aldehydes [LiAlH4]

Reduction to aldehydes [DIBAL-H]

Reduction to alcohols [LiAlH4]

Rearrangements (Hydride Shift)

Rearrangements (Alkyl shift)

Reactions of Diazonium Salts

Reaction of Grignards with CO2

Reaction of Grignards with acid [H+]

Protonation [onium ion formation]

Protection as silyl ethers

Polymerization of dienes

Pinacol Rearrangement

Partial reduction [Na/NH3]

Partial reduction (Lindlar)

Ozonolysis

Ozonolysis (Reductive workup)

Ozonolysis (Oxidative workup)

Oxymercuration

Oxymercuration [Hg(OAc)2/H2O]

Oxymercuration [Hg(OAc)2/ROH]

Oxidative cleavage of vicinal diols

Oxidative Cleavage [KMnO4]

Oxidative cleavage [KMnO4]

Oxidation to ketones [PCC + others]

Oxidation to carboxylic acids [Tollens]

Oxidation to carboxylic acids [H2CrO4 + others]

Oxidation to carboxylic acid [H2CrO4 or KMnO4]

Oxidation to aldehydes [PCC]

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr)

Nitrile formation [CN(-)]

Nitration [HNO3/H2SO4]

Mannich Reaction

Malonic Ester / Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Kiliani Fischer Synthesis

Keto-Enol tautomerism

Iodination [I2/catalyst]

Iodination [I2]

Imine formation [RNH2]

Hydrolysis to carboxylic acids

Hydrolysis to carboxylic acid [basic]

Hydrolysis to carboxylic acid [acidic]

Hydrogenation of Alkynes

Hydrogenation of Alkenes

Hydroboration

Hydrate formation [H2O]

Hofmann rearrangement

Hofmann Elimination

Hell-Vollhard-Zolinsky Reaction

Heck Reaction

Halogenation [Cl2, Br2, I2]

Haloform reaction

Grignard formation [alkyl halides]

Grignard formation [alkenyl halides]

Grignard addition to ketones

Grignard addition to aldehydes

Gabriel Synthesis of amines

Friedel Crafts alkylation [R-X plus catalyst]

Friedel Crafts acylation [RCOX plus catalyst]

Free radical chlorination [hν, Cl2]

Free radical bromination [hν, Br2]

Free Radical Addition of HBr

Formation via Grignard and CO2

Formation of organolithium reagents

Formation of Gilman reagents

Formation of Diazonium Salts

Ether formation [ROH]

Ether Formation [H+/ROH]

Ester formation [RCO2(–)]

Epoxide opening [diol formation]

Epoxide opening [basic conditions]

Epoxide opening [acidic conditions]

Epoxide formation [from halohydrins]

Epoxide formation [from alkenes]

Epoxidation [RCO3H]

Enolate formation

Enamine Hydrolysis

Enamine formation [R2NH]

E2 Alkenes from alkyl halides

E1 with rearrangement [hydride shift]

E1: Alkenes from alkyl halides

Dihydroxylation [OsO4]

Dihydroxylation [KMnO4]

Diels–Alder reaction

Dichlorocyclopropanation

Deprotonation [carboxylate formation]

Deprotonation [alkoxide formation]

Deprotonation (acetylide formation)

Dehydration of amides to nitriles [P2O5]

Decarboxylation [of β-keto acids]

Cyclopropanation

Cyanohydrin formation [CN(–)]

Curtius Rearrangement

Conversion to tosylates/mesylates

Conversion to ketones [Gilman reagents]

Conversion to esters [ROH]

Conversion to carboxylic acids [H2O]

Conversion to anhydrides [RCO2(–)]

Conversion to amides [RNH2]

Conversion to alkyl chlorides [SOCl2]

Conversion to alkyl bromides [PBr3]

Conversion to aldehydes [LiAlH(OtBu)3]

Conversion to acid chloride [SOCl2]

Conjugate addition of other nucleophiles

Conjugate addition of Gilman reagents

Clemmensen reduction to alkanes

Claisen condensation

Chlorohydrin formation [Cl2/H2O]

Chlorination [Cl2]

Chlorination [Cl2 plus catalyst]

Cannizzaro Reaction

Bromohydrin formation [Br2/H2O]

Bromination [Br2 plus catalyst]

Beckmann Rearrangement

Baeyer-Villiger Reaction

Azides [N3(–)]

Aryne Formation (SNAr via arynes)

Ammonium salt formation [RNH2]

Amide Formation Using DCC

Amide Formation from Acid Halides

Allylic bromination [NBS]

Alkyne formation via elimination

Alkylation of enolates

Alkyl iodide formation [HI]

Alkyl chloride formation [HCl]

Alkyl bromide formation [HBr]

Alkenes from alcohols [strong acid]

Alkenes from alcohols [POCl3]

Alkanes [Gilman reagents]

Aldol Condensation

Aldol addition reaction

Alcohol formation [HO(–)]

Alcohol formation [H2O]

Alcohol formation [ether cleavage]

Addition of HI

Addition of HCl

Addition of HBr

Addition of H3O(+)

Addition of HCl, HBr, or HI (once)

Addition of HCl, HBr, or HI (twice)

Addition of Grignards to ketones

Addition of Grignards to esters

Addition of Grignards to aldehydes

Addition of Grignard reagents to esters

Addition of Gilman reagents to enones

Addition of Gilman to acyl halides

Acetylide addition [RC≡C(–)]

Acetal hydrolysis [H3O+]

Acetal formation [ROH/H+]

Protic vs. Aprotic Solvents

Protein Sequencing Process

Primary, secondary, tertiary carbons

PCC chemistry reagent

Nucleophile

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: All You Need To Know

NaHB4 reagent

N-terminal vs C-terminal of an Amino Acid

Membrane Proteins Explained

Membrane Fluidity Transition Temperature

MCPBA reagent

Liposome vs. Bilayer: What Is The Difference?

Isobutyl

Intermolecular forces

Hydroboration-oxidation

How to take DNA Ancestry Test

How to Purify a Protein

How to interpret IR spectra

How to Classify Lipids

How to Calculate the p50 and Hill Coefficient for Myoglobin and Hemoglobin

How to Calculate Molar Absorptivity (ε)

Hemoglobin: Sequential and Symmetry Model

Structure and Function of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin

Grignard reagent mechanism

Functional groups in organic chemistry

Esterification

Enzymes: All About Them

Enantiomers vs. Diastereomers

Effect of BPG on Hemoglobin

Edman Degradation Process

E1 vs. E2

Difference Between Saturated, Unsaturated, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Diels-Alder reaction

Carbocation stability

How to calculate formal charge

Bohr Effect On Oxygen Binding Behavior of Myoglobin and Hemoglobin

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